大家好,我是你们的医学专家朋友，今天我们要聊一个既严肃又有点“打针”的话题——癌症疫苗，是的，你没听错，癌症也有疫苗！虽然听起来像是科幻电影里的情节，但现实中的科学家们已经在这方面取得了不少进展，我们就来盘点一下，哪些癌症已经有了疫苗，哪些还在研发的路上。
我们要明确一点,癌症疫苗和普通疫苗不太一样，普通疫苗主要是预防传染病的，比如流感疫苗、乙肝疫苗等，而癌症疫苗则分为两类：预防性疫苗和治疗性疫苗，预防性疫苗主要是为了防止某些癌症的发生，而治疗性疫苗则是用来帮助已经患癌的患者对抗癌症。
宫颈癌疫苗（HPV疫苗）
宫颈癌疫苗可以说是癌症疫苗界的“明星产品”了，它主要是通过预防人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染来降低宫颈癌的风险，HPV是一种常见的性传播病毒，它与宫颈癌、肛门癌、***癌等多种癌症密切相关，目前市面上主要有三种HPV疫苗：二价、四价和九价疫苗，二价疫苗主要预防HPV16和18型，这两种病毒导致了大约70%的宫颈癌病例，四价疫苗在此基础上增加了对HPV6和11型的预防，这两种病毒主要与生殖器疣有关，九价疫苗则更进一步，可以预防九种HPV病毒，覆盖了更多的致癌类型。
HPV疫苗的接种年龄一般在9岁到45岁之间,最佳接种时间是在首次性行为之前，即使你已经有了性行为，接种HPV疫苗仍然有一定的保护作用，如果你还没有接种HPV疫苗，赶紧去问问你的医生吧！
肝癌疫苗（乙肝疫苗）
肝癌疫苗其实并不是直接针对肝癌的,而是通过预防乙肝病毒感染来降低肝癌的风险，乙肝病毒是导致肝癌的主要原因之一，尤其是在亚洲和非洲地区，乙肝疫苗的普及大大降低了乙肝的发病率，从而间接减少了肝癌的发生。
乙肝疫苗的接种通常在婴儿时期就开始,一般需要接种三剂，如果你小时候没有接种过乙肝疫苗，或者不确定自己是否接种过，可以去医院做个乙肝抗体检测，看看是否需要补种。
前列腺癌疫苗（Sipuleucel-T）
前列腺癌疫苗Sipuleucel-T（商品名Provenge）是一种治疗性疫苗，主要用于治疗晚期前列腺癌，它的工作原理是通过激活患者自身的免疫系统来攻击癌细胞，医生会从患者体内提取免疫细胞，然后在实验室中将这些细胞与一种特殊的蛋白质结合，最后再将这些“武装”好的细胞重新注入患者体内，这些细胞会引导免疫系统识别并攻击前列腺癌细胞。
虽然Sipuleucel-T并不能治愈前列腺癌，但它可以延长患者的生存期，并且副作用相对较小，对于那些已经接受过其他治疗但效果不佳的患者来说，Sipuleucel-T是一个不错的选择。
黑色素瘤疫苗（T-VEC）
黑色素瘤是一种恶性程度较高的皮肤癌,早期发现和治疗非常重要，T-VEC（商品名Imlygic）是一种治疗性疫苗，主要用于治疗无法通过手术切除的黑色素瘤，它的工作原理是通过注射一种经过基因改造的病毒来攻击癌细胞，这种病毒可以在癌细胞内部复制，导致癌细胞破裂死亡，同时还能激活免疫系统来攻击剩余的癌细胞。
T-VEC的疗效因人而异，但对于一些患者来说，它可以显著缩小肿瘤，甚至在某些情况下完全消除肿瘤，T-VEC的副作用也不容忽视，常见的副作用包括发热、疲劳和注射部位疼痛等。
肺癌疫苗（CIMAvax-EGF）
肺癌是全球范围内发病率和死亡率最高的癌症之一,治疗起来非常困难，CIMAvax-EGF是一种治疗性疫苗，主要用于治疗非小细胞肺癌，它的工作原理是通过阻断一种叫做表皮生长因子（EGF）的蛋白质来抑制癌细胞的生长，EGF在肺癌细胞中过度表达，导致癌细胞快速增殖，CIMAvax-EGF可以刺激免疫系统产生抗体，从而中和EGF，抑制癌细胞的生长。
CIMAvax-EGF在古巴已经获得了批准，并且在一些国家进行了临床试验，虽然它的疗效还需要进一步验证，但对于那些已经接受过其他治疗但效果不佳的患者来说，CIMAvax-EGF提供了一个新的希望。
乳腺癌疫苗（NeuVax）
乳腺癌是女性中最常见的癌症之一,虽然早期发现和治疗效果较好，但晚期乳腺癌的治疗仍然非常困难，NeuVax是一种治疗性疫苗，主要用于预防乳腺癌的复发，它的工作原理是通过激活免疫系统来攻击一种叫做HER2/neu的蛋白质，HER2/neu在乳腺癌细胞中过度表达，导致癌细胞快速增殖，NeuVax可以刺激免疫系统产生抗体，从而攻击表达HER2/neu的癌细胞。
NeuVax目前还在临床试验阶段,但初步结果显示，它可以显著降低乳腺癌的复发率，对于那些已经接受过手术和化疗的患者来说，NeuVax可能是一个不错的选择。
胰腺癌疫苗（GVAX）
胰腺癌是一种恶性程度极高的癌症,早期发现和治疗非常困难，GVAX是一种治疗性疫苗，主要用于治疗胰腺癌，它的工作原理是通过注射一种经过基因改造的癌细胞来激活免疫系统，这些癌细胞已经被改造为无法增殖，但可以表达一些特殊的蛋白质，从而刺激免疫系统攻击胰腺癌细胞。
GVAX目前还在临床试验阶段,但初步结果显示，它可以延长胰腺癌患者的生存期，对于那些已经接受过其他治疗但效果不佳的患者来说，GVAX提供了一个新的希望。
癌症疫苗的研究和开发是一个漫长而复杂的过程,但科学家们已经在这方面取得了不少进展，虽然目前只有少数几种癌症有了疫苗，但随着科技的不断进步，未来可能会有更多的癌症疫苗问世，对于那些已经患癌的患者来说，癌症疫苗提供了一个新的治疗选择；而对于那些健康的人来说，癌症疫苗则是一个预防癌症的重要手段。
如果你还没有接种过HPV疫苗或乙肝疫苗,赶紧去问问你的医生吧！毕竟，预防胜于治疗，打一针总比得病强，对吧？
英文翻译：
Title: The Big Reveal of Cancer Vaccines: Which Cancers Have Already Been "Vaccinated"?
Body:
Hello everyone, I'm your medical expert friend, and today we're going to talk about a topic that's both serious and a bit "prickly"—cancer vaccines. Yes, you heard that right, cancer has vaccines too! Although it sounds like something out of a sci-fi movie, scientists in the real world have made significant progress in this area. Today, we're going to take a look at which cancers already have vaccines and which ones are still in the pipeline.
First, let's clarify one thing: cancer vaccines are not quite the same as regular vaccines. Regular vaccines are mainly for preventing infectious diseases, such as the flu vaccine or the hepatitis B vaccine. Cancer vaccines, on the other hand, are divided into two categories: preventive vaccines and therapeutic vaccines. Preventive vaccines are mainly to prevent the occurrence of certain cancers, while therapeutic vaccines are used to help patients who already have cancer fight the disease.
Cervical Cancer Vaccine (HPV Vaccine)
The cervical cancer vaccine is undoubtedly the "star product" in the world of cancer vaccines. It primarily works by preventing human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, thereby reducing the risk of cervical cancer. HPV is a common sexually transmitted virus that is closely related to cervical cancer, anal cancer, vaginal cancer, and several other types of cancer. Currently, there are three main types of HPV vaccines on the market: bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent vaccines. The bivalent vaccine primarily prevents HPV types 16 and 18, which are responsible for about 70% of cervical cancer cases. The quadrivalent vaccine adds protection against HPV types 6 and 11, which are mainly associated with genital warts. The nonavalent vaccine goes even further, protecting against nine types of HPV viruses, covering more carcinogenic types.
The recommended age for HPV vaccination is generally between 9 and 45 years old, with the best time to get vaccinated being before the first sexual encounter. However, even if you've already had sexual intercourse, getting the HPV vaccine still offers some protection. So, if you haven't gotten the HPV vaccine yet, go ask your doctor about it!
Liver Cancer Vaccine (Hepatitis B Vaccine)
The liver cancer vaccine isn't directly targeted at liver cancer but works by preventing hepatitis B virus infection, thereby reducing the risk of liver cancer. The hepatitis B virus is one of the leading causes of liver cancer, especially in Asia and Africa. The widespread use of the hepatitis B vaccine has significantly reduced the incidence of hepatitis B, indirectly decreasing the occurrence of liver cancer.
Hepatitis B vaccination usually starts in infancy and typically requires three doses. If you didn't get vaccinated as a child or are unsure whether you were vaccinated, you can go to the hospital for a hepatitis B antibody test to see if you need a booster shot.
Prostate Cancer Vaccine (Sipuleucel-T)
The prostate cancer vaccine Sipuleucel-T (brand name Provenge) is a therapeutic vaccine primarily used to treat advanced prostate cancer. It works by activating the patient's own immune system to attack cancer cells. Specifically, doctors extract immune cells from the patient's body, combine these cells with a special protein in the lab, and then reinfuse these "armed" cells back into the patient. These cells guide the immune system to recognize and attack prostate cancer cells.
Although Sipuleucel-T cannot cure prostate cancer, it can extend the patient's survival time and has relatively mild side effects. For patients who have already undergone other treatments with limited success, Sipuleucel-T is a good option.
Melanoma Vaccine (T-VEC)
Melanoma is a highly malignant form of skin cancer, and early detection and treatment are crucial. T-VEC (brand name Imlygic) is a therapeutic vaccine primarily used to treat melanoma that cannot be surgically removed. It works by injecting a genetically modified virus that attacks cancer cells. This virus can replicate inside cancer cells, causing them to burst and die, while also activating the immune system to attack the remaining cancer cells.
The efficacy of T-VEC varies from person to person, but for some patients, it can significantly shrink tumors and even completely eliminate them in some cases. However, the side effects of T-VEC should not be overlooked, with common side effects including fever, fatigue, and pain at the injection site.
Lung Cancer Vaccine (CIMAvax-EGF)
Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide, and it is notoriously difficult to treat. CIMAvax-EGF is a therapeutic vaccine primarily used to treat non-small cell lung cancer. It works by blocking a protein called epidermal growth factor (EGF), which inhibits the growth of cancer cells. EGF is overexpressed in lung cancer cells, leading to rapid proliferation. CIMAvax-EGF stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that neutralize EGF, thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth.
CIMAvax-EGF has been approved in Cuba and has undergone clinical trials in several countries. Although its efficacy still needs further validation, it offers new hope for patients who have not responded well to other treatments.
Breast Cancer Vaccine (NeuVax)
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women, and while early detection and treatment are effective, advanced breast cancer remains very difficult to treat. NeuVax is a therapeutic vaccine primarily used to prevent breast cancer recurrence. It works by activating the immune system to attack a protein called HER2/neu. HER2/neu is overexpressed in breast cancer cells, leading to rapid proliferation. NeuVax stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that attack HER2/neu-expressing cancer cells.
NeuVax is still in clinical trials, but preliminary results show that it can significantly reduce the recurrence rate of breast cancer. For patients who have already undergone surgery and chemotherapy, NeuVax may be a good option.
Pancreatic Cancer Vaccine (GVAX)
Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant cancer that is very difficult to detect and treat early. GVAX is a therapeutic vaccine primarily used to treat pancreatic cancer. It works by injecting genetically modified cancer cells that activate the immune system. These cancer cells have been modified to prevent proliferation but can express certain special proteins that stimulate the immune system to attack pancreatic cancer cells.
GVAX is still in clinical trials, but preliminary results show that it can extend the survival time of pancreatic cancer patients. For patients who have not responded well to other treatments, GVAX offers new hope.
Conclusion
The research and development of cancer vaccines is a long and complex process, but scientists have made significant progress in this area. Although only a few types of cancer currently have vaccines, with the continuous advancement of technology, more cancer vaccines may be developed in the future. For patients who already have cancer, cancer vaccines offer a new treatment option; for healthy individuals, cancer vaccines are an important means of preventing cancer.
So, if you haven't gotten the HPV vaccine or the hepatitis B vaccine yet, go ask your doctor about it! After all, prevention is better than cure, and getting a shot is always better than getting sick, right?
